Different gas emission and particular material in European Union countries between 1990-2016

Abstract

This study focuses on the changes of the gas emission and air pollutant in European Union countries from 1990 to 2016 based on different kinds of gasses and particular material concerning the main economic sector, which resulted considerable pollution for the natural environment surrounding to biological sphere, where the mankind is living.

Introduction

This study focuses on the changes of the gas emission and air pollutant in European Union countries from 1990 to 2016 based on different kinds of gasses and particular material concerning the main economic sector. The most used kinds of gasses are Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulphur oxides (SOx), Ammonia (NH3), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2,5 micrometers (μm) or less (PM2,5) which resulted considerable pollution for the natural environment surrounding to biological sphere, where the mankind is living. Therefore most important aim of economy to realize mitting gas emission as soon as possible for sustainability of our nature and environmental conservation. The main aim of this study is very actual from point of view of the sustainability of the nature and economy in the same time. The study goals at analysing the possibility decrease of the gas and air pollutant emissions in different economic sectors, The Special Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) provides possibility to clear the correlations among the different gas and particular materials with creating the shares of member states in fields of different emissions. NOx (NOShare02) has strong correlation with the other four economic variances, as SOx (SOShare04), NH3 (NH3Share06), PM2,5 (PMShare08) and CO (COShare10) in emission and there are strong correlations between the NH3 (NH3Share06) and PM2,5 (PMShare08). Additionally, the study focuses on the decreasing the pollution resulted by economic sectors.

The economic sectors, where mostly the gas emissions occurring are as energy production and distribution, energy use in industry, commercial, institutional and household, road transport, non-road transport, industrial processes and product use, agriculture and also waste material. The analyses are based on different international sources with wide-side economic data bases. European Environment Agency (EEA) of the EU declared that in the field of development of main pollutant emissions between 2015 and 2016 had resulted (EEA, 2018); for example, the emissions of SOx and NOx dropped by 15,1% and 3,7% respectively, between 2015 and 2016. Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions decreased by 0,6%, while Ammonia (NH3) emissions increased by 0,4%. Therefore, from 2015 to 2016, the largest reductions in SOx emissions in absolute terms were in Poland, the United Kingdom, Romania and Spain (in order of largest absolute emission reduction). The sector energy production and distribution contributed most to the reduction of SOx emissions. Further, the drop in NOx emissions is mainly due to reductions reported by the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Germany and Italy (in order of largest absolute emission reduction). The energy production and distribution sector recorded the largest reductions of NOx (in absolute terms) from 2015 to 2016. Also, CO emissions decreased, mainly due to reductions reported by the United Kingdom, Italy and Greece (gap-filled data) (in order of largest absolute emission reduction). The sector road transport contributed most to the decrease in CO emissions. Meanwhile, in case of NH3 emissions increased in 15 Member States. Italy, the United Kingdom and Ireland reported the highest increases (in order of largest absolute emission increase) (EEA, 2018).

In spite that the above mentioned decreasing gas emission the pollution for the environment in EU-28 remained very considerable, as it can be seen in the Table-1, the moderate gas decrease has been by 23% and 28% in cases of NH3 and PM2,5 respectively, for period of 1990-2016. The EU reached considerable mitigation only in case of the SOX gas emission by 91% for the same period. The positive trend can be declared, because this gas emission mitigation has implemented in sectors namely energy production and distribution also energy use in industry, which originally mostly produced the largest gas emission (Table-1; EEA, 2018). All of these kinds of gases and particular material resulted the air pollutant emission, responsible for air pollution and can increase the more negative influences of greenhouse gas emission, responsible for global warming, therefore the gas emission should be mitigated. On one hand, the performance of the mankind and human activities resulted, in the intensive air pollutant gas emissions, which causes damage mainly to soil, air and water, which are generally seen as the three main environmental compartments which are essential to life on earth. Also, the higher attention on fine particulate matters air pollutant emissions, with a diameter of less than 10 μm results from there has adverse effect on health. So, inhalation of these substances plays a role in the formation of many serious diseases such as heart diseases and lung cancer (Hungarian Central Statistical Office = HCSO, 2014). Moreover, fine particulate matters are considered as potential pollutants that cause economic losses and health consequences on society (Kumar et al., 2014). One the other hand, the performance of the mankind and human activities resulted, in the intensive greenhouse gas emissions, which leads to the global warming. Therefore, the basic solution is to stop this global warming process and to decrease the greenhouse gas emissions by changing the human activities in order to avoid of the climate change on the earth (Zsarnóczai – Bence, 2018). Also, the performance should avoid of influences of the increasing greenhouse gas and additional materials emissions in the future. This force needs for the international cooperation of all nations in the world economy.

The international cooperation is needed for reducing gas and air pollutant emission in order to avoid of the air pollution and the global warming. Therefore the international organizations (such as UNCTAD = UN Conference on Trade and Development, World Bank and UNFCCC= UN Framework Convention on Climate Change) emphasized the importance to realize such investments implementing this main aim. The World Bank has made steps into this economic strategy for the latest two decades, which were wider followed by more countries included in East Asian and Pacific Region (Gál et al., 2016; Gan et al., 2016). Naturally in spite that these investments should be followed in direction to the economic strategy based on the environmental conservation, these investments should be realized based on the economic efficiency in order to survive the financial difficulties and to avoid of the financial crisis and over overspending conditions. The balance of payments consists of two parts: the current account, the capital and financial account. We must also mention the third part of the balance of payments, the central bank reserve as a balancing item, which is a kind of ultimate stabilizing effect or an option concerning the environmental strategy (Lentner, 2015; see in detailed in Zéman – Tóth, 2006; Hegedűs – Zéman, 2016; Kalmár et al., 2015). The monetary policy practice of a single mandate, prevalent in continental Europe for decades, has also come under review, and thus central bank policies facilitating financial stability and economic growth, in addition to the moderation of inflation, have been brought to the fore by FED, the Bank of England, the National Bank of Hungary, and even the European Central Bank. The author relies on the rich history of theories underlying all these practical changes and builds a scientific model of the rapid current changes (Lentner, 2017). Also this economic conception is valid for China (Xu – Zhang, 2014). The firms should follow the environmental conservation strategy accompanying with following the efficiency indicators at firm level (Zéman et al., 2014; Gallez – Tyteca, 1997). Overall, air pollution is a global threat leading to large impacts on human health and ecosystems. Air pollution also has considerable economic impacts, reducing life expectancy, increasing medical costs and reducing productivity through working days lost across various economic sectors (EEA, 2020). Therefore, the environmental conservation strategy, includes air quality management policy is an important issue for public health, the economy and the environment.

Material and Methods

The study emphasizes the changes of the different gas and particular material emissions for the period of 1990 and 2016, which emissions are accompanying with share of EU member states in fields of different gas emissions by the end of 2016. The SPSS (Special Program for Social Sciences) provides possibility to clear the correlations among the different gas and particular materials with creating the shares of member states in fields of different emissions. The SPSS statistical analyses would like to emphasize that how each gas and particular material emission can make influences on the emissions of other gases and particular materials. Also the analyses focus on that how much these emissions can fact on the share of gas emissions of the each member states by the end of 2016. Naturally all the time the gas emission changes were resulted by the pollution measure of different economic sectors, which should be developed by improving technology based on the environmental conservation strategy at national and firm levels.

The measure of the correlations among the economic variances, namely gas and particular material emissions and shares of member states in each kind of emissions is followed by the SPSS statistical analysing system. The variance analyses, correlation and regressive calculation, factor analyses and cluster analyses are based on the SPSS research and data analysing (Sajtos – Mitev, 2007). In this SPSS system there are four components which include ten economic variances, namely the Component-1 including NOShare02 (Nitrogen oxides share), SOShare04 (Sulphur oxides share), NH3Share06 (Ammonia share), PMShare08 (particular material share), CO­Share10 (Carbon monoxide share); the second Component-2 including NOChange01 (Nitrogen oxides change), SOChange03 (Sulphur oxides change), NH3Change05 (Ammonia change), the Component-3 including COChange09 (Carbon monoxide change) and the Component-4 including. PMChange07 (Particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5μm or less change). Finally, the statistical analysis system determines the clusters for the EU member states based on their changing gas and particular material emissions for the period of 1990 and 2016 and their shares in fields of these emissions by the end of 2016 (Table-1; EEA, 2018).

Results and Discussion

The SPSS statistical analyses show that the share of the NOX (NOShare02) emission has strong correlation with the other four economic variances, as SOX (SOShare04), NH3 (NH3Share06), PM2,5 (PMShare08) and CO (COShare10) in emission. This means that the decreasing trend of the NOShare02 in emission stimulates to decrease share of the other four kinds of gases and particular material emissions by decreasing gas emission of the different economic sectors in cases of the EU-28 member states by the end of 2016. Naturally in those EU member states, where the NOShare2 little decreases, therefore the share of the other four economic variances mentioned before will also remain at higher level by little decreasing emission of the economic sectors.

Also there are strong correlations between the NH3Share06 and PMShare08, which means that the decreasing trend of the NH3Share06 in emission stimulates to decrease the PMShare08, as particular material emissions of the different economic sectors in the EU-28 member states. In those EU member states, where the NH3Share06 little decreases, the share of the PMShare08 will also remain at highly or higher level by little decreasing emission of the economic sectors (Table-2). Even there are very strong correlations between the NH3Share06 and COShare10, because the value of their correlation is 0,930, as 93%, more than 90%, which means very strong correlation between themselves, which means similar correlation as well as the earlier strong correlation between NH3Share06 and PMShare08.

The other very strong correlations can be seen between the PMShare08 and COShare10, which means that the considerable decreasing trend of the PMShare08 in emission stimulates to considerable decrease COShare10 in emission of the different economic sectors in the EU-28 member states. In those EU member states, where the PMShare08 little decreases, the COShare10, as share of CO in emission of economic sectors, will also remain at highly or higher level by little decreasing emission of the economic sectors (Table-2).

The Table-3 shows the distribution of ten economic variances into four components. In this table the each variance can be distributed to that component, where the variance has the highest or biggest value. Therefore the NOChange01 can be selected into the second component, because its value is 0,911 as 91,1%, which is highest within four components. The same select method is followed in cases of other variances. The rotated component matrix (Table-3) is applied for the coordinate systems, which can be seen in the Figure-(1, 2 and 3).

Factor analyses within coordinate system (score)

In the Figure 1 the Component-1 including NOShare02, SOShare04, NH3Share06, PMShare08 and COShare10 economic variances are concerning to the principle line “X” of the coordinate system, which variances are correlating with Component-2 including the NOChange01, SOChange03 and NH3Change05 economic variances of the principle line “Y” of the coordinate system (Figure-1).

In the first session of the coordinate system (score) the NOShare02 SOShare04 NH3Share06 PMShare08 COShare10 economic variances of the Component-1 are increasing and the NOChange01, SOChange03 and NH3Change05 of the Component-2 also are increasing in cases of the Poland, Romania and Spain in this session.

In the second session of the coordinate system the NOShare02, SOShare04, NH3Share06, PMShare08 and COShare10 economic variances of the Component-1 are decreasing and the NOChange01, SOChange03 and NH3Change05 of the Component-2 are also increasing, in this session. This quarter session includes Cyprus, Austria, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Sweden, Finland and Malta.

In the third session of the coordinate system the NOShare02, SOShare04, NH3Share06, PMShare08, COShare10 economic variances of the Component-1 are increasing and the NOChange01, SOChange03 and NH3Change05 of the Component-2 are decreasing in cases of the mentioned countries in this session. This quarter session includes France, Germany, Italy and United Kingdom.

In the fourth session of the coordinate system the NOShare02, SOShare04, NH3Share06, PMShare08 and COShare10 economic variances of the Component-1 are decreasing and the NOChange01, SOChange03 and NH3Change05 of the Component-2 are also decreasing in cases of the mentioned countries in this session. This quarter session includes Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Slovakia and Slovenia.

Statistical data base of EU-28 provides overview of the selection of the NOX gas emission for the member states. Six EU member states, namely France, Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom and Poland, have 68,4% share in field of NOX gas emission of all EU-28.

These six member states have 67% share in field of SOX gas emission in share of EU-28. Also these six member states have 69,6% share in field of NH3 gas emission in share of EU-28, while they have 60,7% share in field of PM2,5 emission in EU-28 and also Romania has considerable share with 8,2% in share of EU-28 in the same period. The next important gas emission is the CO one, in which France, Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom and Poland have 67,5% share in field of CO gas emission in share of EU-28.

Therefore France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom and Spain are in the first and second quarter sessions of the coordinate system (Figure-1). Because of Romania increased by 28% NH3Change05 at principle line “Y”, so this member state is in the first session with highest gas emission issuer countries, also Poland has large share in field of SOX and CO gas emission of the EU and Poland has little decrease in CO and NOX gas emission comparably to the average level of the EU-28. Therefore two countries in the first session of the score (Figure-1).

It can be declared that after the highest gas and particular material issuers as France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom and Spain, the second most important highest gas and particular material issuers are Romania and Poland. Romania is issuer in PM2,5, and Poland in fields of CO and PM2,5 comparably to the results of remaining part of EU-28.

The remaining part of the EU-28 are selected to the second and fourth quarter sessions of the score depending on increasing or little decreasing the gas emission in member states to the second session or decreasing or little increasing the gas emission in member states to the fourth session belonging to the variances of the Component-2 at the line “Y” (Figure-1).

It can be declared that the share of theses gas and particular material gas emission of six countries has been about between 60 and 70% in share of all of the EU-28 for the period of 1990 and 2016. The share of these emissions of six EU member states is relevant to share of their population in all population of the EU-28. Therefore the less population of the each EU member state has less gas emission. Generally the gas and particular material emission is relevant to the measure of the population in case of all EU-28. This means that the each member state of the EU-28 should mitigate gas and particular material emissions in order to avoid of increasing pollution in atmosphere of EU-28. The decreasing these emissions are obligatory for all each EU member state.

Also it can be declared that the strong correlations can be followed among the different gas and particular material emissions. This means if the share of the NOShare02 increases in case of an EU member state, the share of the other gases and particular materials can increase in cases of the same EU member states, for example of earlier mentioned six member states, as France, Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom and Poland. Mainly the other EU member states have less or little share in gas and particular material emissions, therefore their share in other gas emissions is less or little (Table-1; Table-2).

According to the Figure-1, in case of Germany the NH3Change05 was little, therefore the gas emission was large and the NOShare02 was considerable, also in spite that the COChange09 considerably decreased and based on the opposite correlation the gas emissions had considerable large share in EU-28 (also see the Table-1). Germany remained the biggest responsible for the gas emissions. The second is France, the third is Italy and the fourth is Spain and Poland and UK. The last third member states are much closed to each other’s (also see the Figure-1).

It can be declared that the EU member states are the same in the first and the third quarter sessions of three scores and also the EU member states are the same in the second and the fourth quarter sessions of three scores. This can happen, because the economic variances according to the principle line “X” are the same in three scores, but economic variances according to the principle line “Y” are different in three scores.

The some of the EU-28 member states are selected to the first and second quarter sessions of the other two scores (Figure-2 and Figure-3) depending on increasing or little decreasing the CO gas emission in field of the economic variance, as COChange09 (Figure-2) and increasing or little decreasing the PM2,5 particular material emission in field of the economic variance, as PMChange07 (Figure-3) according to the principle line “Y”. In Figure-2 therefore Poland EU member state alone can be according to the first session, while Poland also belongs to the first session of score in Figure-3.

The EU member states can be according to the third or fourth sessions of two scores if the change of CO gas and PM2,5 particular materials are decreasing or little increasing in countries of the third and fourth sessions at line “Y” (Figure-2 and Figure-3).

Romania has a special condition, because in Romania the CO gas emission considerably decreased, so Romania belongs to the third session in Figure 2, while Romania had a considerable increase in field of PM2,5 particular materials, which have sharply increased by 17% in this country for the period of 1990 and 2016. Therefore this country belongs to the first session of the score (Figure-3).
Clustering for the EU-28

The cluster analysing system is based on the different features of the economic variances concerning the each EU member state. This cluster analysing system selects the EU-28 member states into five country groups, which are as follows (Figure-4):
Cluster (1) (17 member states): Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Sweden;
Cluster (2) (4 member states): Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia;
Cluster (3) (1 member state): Cyprus;
Cluster (4) (5 member states): France, Germany, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom; and,
Cluster (5) (1 member state): Poland.

This clustering system shows difference among EU-28 member states, which is relevant to the factor analyses mentioned before in coordinate systems. Within each cluster the EU member states have similar features, but their features are different from features of the other clusters’ countries. It can be seen that the clusters-4 includes five member states, namely France, Germany, Italy Spain and United Kingdom as biggest gas and particular material emission issuers, therefore these member states have similar features differing from features of other member states of other clusters.

In case of Poland, this member state has considerable increase its shares in fields of gas and particular material emissions, while the change of CO and PM2,5 emissions have only little decreased, when the other member states considerably decreased their change of CO and PM2,5 emissions. Therefore Poland remains alone in the first session of the score in Figure-2. Poland has the first biggest share in field of SOX by 24,5%. Therefore Poland became alone one country in the cluster-5.

In cluster-3 there is only one member state, namely Cyprus, which has unimportant share in fields of gas and particular material emissions in EU-28, but Cyprus has increased the change of the NH3 by 5%, which was the third increase after Romania by 28% and Ireland by 6% within EU-28 for the period of 1990 and 2016.

The biggest cluster-1 includes 17 member states with mostly very little share of gas and particular material emissions accompanying with considerable decrease in change of gas emissions and less particular material emissions. The cluster-2 includes 4 member states, namely Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Slovenia, because their share is bigger than in cases of member states of the cluster-1 in field of the share of different gas and particular material emissions.

Role of the different economic sectors for gas and particular material emissions

The EU-28 have considerably decreased mostly in field of SOX by 91% and also considerable decrease was realized by member states by 69% in field of CO and by 58% in field of NOX for period of 1990 and 2016. But the EU little decreased the NH3 gas and PM2,5 emissions by 23% and 28% in the same time. In spite that the EU could sharply decrease change of some of the gas emissions, but the other kinds of gases and particular material emissions mostly remained considerably because of less decreasing trend in these cases. In EU some economic sectors provided considerable increase in change of gas and particular material emissions, which means that the EU missed some main aims at implementing the decreasing these emissions.

The economic sectors have had different shares of different gas and particular material emissions for the latest decades. In case of NOX gas emission by sectors in EU-28 the road transport reached 39% of all this kind of gas emissions in 2016. The first third biggest economic sectors, namely road transport; energy production and distribution; and, commercial, institutional and household are responsible for the 70% of NOX gas emission in the same time (Table-4; EEA, 2018).

In EU-28 there are several common investments providing gas and particular emissions concerning different economic sectors, for example in the energy production and distribution sector the public electricity and heat production, petroleum refining, manufacture of solid fuels and other energy industries, fugitive emission from solid fuels with coal mining and handling. Also in the other sector as road transport in which passenger cars, light duty vehicles, heavy duty vehicles and buses, mopeds and motorcycles and gasoline evaporation. In EU-28 it is very often kind of emission in sector of commercial, institutional and household, where gardening, agriculture, forestry and fishing have some damages resulted by the human activity.

In Table-4, the human activity in agriculture results 92% of NH3, and the rest of not important emissions separated into different sectors, as industrial processes and product use; commercial, institutional and household and also energy production and distribution. The most of the PM2,5 particular material emission, as 56% is provided by commercial, institutional and household, while the road transport and industrial processes and product use provide the other 21% of all PM2,5 emission. Additionally to PM2,5 the sector distribution of the emissions can be similarly in case of CO gas emission, as in the case of particular material. Because the commercial, institutional and household sector provides 48% of CO gas emission, the road transport and industrial processes and product use 31% of this kind of gas emission (Table-4).

But in case of the SOX emission the sector of the energy production and distribution provides just little more than half of all SOX gas emission (Table-4). Also the energy use in industry provide a significant share of the SOX gas emission by share as 20%, and the third sector for gas emission was commercial, institutional and household sector by 17% of this gas emission. The first of three sectors’ gas emission was 88% by the end of 2016 (EEA, 2018).

Conclusions

Generally the most important economic sectors issuing gas and particular material emissions are commercial, institutional and household for PM2,5, CO, SOX and, NOX after that the road transport for NOX, CO, PM2,5, after that the energy production and distribution for SOX, NOX, energy use in industry SOX, CO and the industrial processes and product use CO, PM2,5. Finally the agriculture has very considerable share for NH3 emission. The household, agriculture, road transport, energy and industrial sectors need for the most important attention to decrease the gas and particular material in order that the EU-28 can contribute to decrease gas and particular material emissions in the world economy.

The new environmental conservation strategy demands from all sectors to decrease their gas emission in order to follow the sustainable economic growth accompanying with sustainable environment. The economic development of the EU-28 needs for strengthening the environmental conservation strategy for the extending the new technology and highly developed techniques and equipment sustainable for the natural environment. Naturally the mitigation of gas and particular material emissions is important for all of the nations including the European Union countries, therefore the international cooperation for realizing this aim cannot be avoid of this cooperation and force. Additionally to the sustainable nature and the environmental conservation, the human health should be more emphasized by the creating environmental policy, because the healthful people can remain the healthful nature.

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Khalif Abdussalam Ashour PhD student,
Doctoral School of Economic and Regional Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő: khalif_salam@yahoo.com

Medveczky Balázs PhD student,
Doctoral School of Economic and Regional Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Science