Gen Z as Working Capital: the Importance of Information Validation as a Critical Soft Skill

Abstract

This literature review investigates the role of information validation for Generation Z (Gen Z) in the context of the digital age. Gen Z faces an unprecedented flood of information from diverse sources, including social media and other digital platforms, making it difficult to distinguish credible information from misinformation. This review highlights the critical skills needed for effective information validation, such as critical thinking, fact-checking, and technological proficiency. The review emphasizes the importance of these skills in academia, the workplace, and promoting a responsible society. Additionally, the review identifies areas for future research, such as the impact of algorithms on information consumption and the prevalence of misinformation on social media. It calls for further exploration of effective educational strategies to teach these skills to Gen Z.
Keywords: Gen Z, digital literacy, information validation, soft skills, fake news.
Jel code: J24

1. Introduction

In the current digital era, the way people consume information has significantly changed. The widespread use of digital technologies and the emergence of social media platforms have made information more accessible, allowing individuals to both consume and create content (Boro et al., 2024). However, this ease of access has also resulted in a substantial increase in misinformation, making it challenging to distinguish between credible and unreliable sources (McDougall et al., 2019). For Generation Z (Gen Z), who have grown up surrounded by digital technology, navigating this complex information landscape is essential. The importance of information validation for Gen Z is immense. As digital natives, Gen Z is continually exposed to information from various sources, such as social media platforms, where the accuracy of information is often uncertain (Hu et al., 2022). The skill to critically evaluate and validate information is vital for their success in academics, readiness for their careers, and sense of social responsibility. In educational settings, the ability to differentiate between reliable and unreliable sources is crucial for conducting thorough research and producing high-quality work (Salubi et al., 2018). In professional environments, information validation skills are highly prized by employers as they enable employees to make well-informed decisions and contribute to the success of the organization (Benítez-Márquez et al., 2022).

The present literature review aims to highlight the significance of information validation as an essential soft skill for Gen Z. It investigates the transformation in information consumption, the difficulties posed by misinformation, and the crucial skills and strategies needed for effective information validation. The review also examines the influence of information validation on personal and professional growth, emphasizing its importance for academic achievement, career preparedness, and social responsibility. By integrating research from various fields, this review intends to offer an understanding of the challenges and opportunities related to information validation in the digital age, with a specific focus on Gen Z.

The structure of the literature review is as follows: First, it explores the evolution of information consumption, highlighting the shift from traditional media to digital platforms and the unique information behaviors of Gen Z. Second, it examines the challenges of misinformation, including its prevalence, psychological effects, and methods for detection and prevention. Third, it discusses the essential skills for information validation, concentrating on critical thinking, fact-checking techniques, and the utilization of technology. Finally, it considers the impact of information validation on personal and professional development, underlining its significance for academic success, career readiness, and social responsibility.

2. Evolution of Information Consumption

The methods by which information is shared and consumed have undergone a significant transformation over the decades. In the past, traditional media outlets such as newspapers, television, and radio served as the primary providers of information (McDougall et al., 2019). These institutions played a crucial role in curating and disseminating news, shaping public opinion, and setting the agenda for societal discourse. The reliance on these traditional sources created a sense of trust and credibility, as these sources were often held to high journalistic standards. However, the internet and the rise of digital technologies have disrupted this established order, leading to a democratization of information production and consumption. The emergence of social media platforms and online forums has allowed individuals to become content creators and sharers (Hajeer, 2024). This has also led to challenges in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of information. The digital age has brought about a shift in information spreading, transitioning from a centralized model controlled by a few providers to a decentralized model where information flows freely and is shaped by plenty of actors.

The emergence of online resources, including websites, blogs, and social networking platforms, have expanded the sources of information beyond traditional media outlets (Boro et al., 2024). This has led to a greater diversity of viewpoints and a wider range of information available to individuals, fostering a more inclusive and participatory information landscape. However, the digital age has also brought about challenges, such as the spread of misinformation and „fake news” (McDougall et al., 2019). The ease with which false or misleading information can be created and disseminated online has raised concerns about the quality and reliability of information sources. The abundance of information available online has also led to information overload, making it difficult for individuals to filter and evaluate the relevance and credibility of the information they encounter. The digital age has thus created a double-edged sword, offering unprecedented access to information while also posing challenges in terms of information quality and discernment.

Generation Z, having grown up in the digital age, exhibits distinct information consumption and processing behaviors compared to previous generations. Gen Z individuals are characterized as „digital natives” who are highly adept at using technology and navigating the online landscape (Benítez-Márquez et al., 2022). They are accustomed to accessing information on demand, through various digital channels, and often rely on social media platforms for news and updates (Hu et al., 2022). Gen Z’s information consumption seems to be fragmented, with a preference for short-form content and visual formats. This constant exposure to information from diverse sources might have shaped their information processing habits, making them more adaptable and open to different perspectives. However, concerns have been raised about Gen Z’s ability to critically evaluate information and distinguish between credible and unreliable sources (Salubi et al., 2018). The prevalence of misinformation and „fake news” in the digital age necessitates the development of critical thinking and information literacy skills among Gen Z to navigate the complex information landscape effectively. As the primary consumers and producers of information in the digital age, Gen Z’s information behaviors have significant implications for the future of education, work, and civic engagement. The distinctive characteristics of Gen Z’s information consumption and processing behaviors underscore the necessity for educational institutions and organizations to prioritize the enhancement of information validation and testing skills, recognizing them as essential soft skills to be improved within this generation.

3. Digital Literacy and Information

Validation

Digital literacy is a complex concept that entails the ability to locate, evaluate, and effectively use information. It extends beyond basic computer skills, involving a critical understanding of digital environments and the capacity to navigate and create content across various platforms. Digital literacy is essential in the modern era, where information is abundant and often unverified. For Gen Z, who have grown up immersed in digital technology, digital literacy is not just a technical requirement but a fundamental skill for personal and professional success (Jones & Mitchell, 2016). As Livingstone (2004) emphasizes, digital literacy is not simply about technical proficiency but also about the social and cultural contexts in which technology is used. This is relevant for Gen Z, as their immersion in digital environments from a young age has affected their understanding and interaction with information.

The importance of digital literacy lies in its role in allowing individuals to carefully engage with digital content. As information sources increase, the ability to distinguish credible information from misinformation becomes crucial. This skill is particularly pertinent for Gen Z, who are frequently exposed to huge amount of data through social media, online news, and other digital platforms. Effective information validation is an important element of digital literacy, which could enable individuals to make informed decisions, utilize critical thinking, and maintain skepticism towards unverified information (Seemiller & Grace, 2019). The development of information validation skills is vital, as highlighted by McGrew et al. (2018), who stress the importance of teaching students to evaluate the credibility and reliability of information sources in the digital age. The ability to validate information is not only crucial for academic success but also for navigating the complexities of the modern workplace, where the ability to make informed decisions based on accurate information is highly valued (Benítez-Márquez et al., 2022).

3.1. Components of Digital Literacy

Digital literacy encompasses several core components, each vital for effective information validation. These components include critical thinking, technical skills, and information literacy.
Critical thinking is the ability to analyze and evaluate information objectively. For Gen Z, critical thinking is indispensable in navigating the complex digital landscape. This involves questioning the source of information, understanding the context, and assessing the evidence presented. Critical thinking enables individuals to distinguish between fact and opinion, identify biases, and recognize the influence of algorithms on the information they receive (Ng, 2012). As Eshet-Alkalai and Amichai-Hamburger (2004) argue, critical thinking is a key component of digital literacy, allowing individuals to evaluate the quality and reliability of digital content. The ability to think critically about information is essential for Gen Z, as they are constantly bombarded with information from various sources, including social media, which may not always be reliable (Hu et al., 2022).
Technical skills, however, refer to the proficiency in using digital tools and platforms. This includes understanding how to operate various digital devices, utilize software applications, and navigate the internet. For Gen Z, who are often considered digital natives, these skills are generally well-developed. However, technical proficiency alone is insufficient; it must be paired with the ability to use these tools critically and responsibly (Helsper & Eynon, 2010). Ng (2012) highlights the importance of not only acquiring technical skills but also understanding the ethical implications of digital technology use. In the context of Gen Z, technical skills are not just about using technology for personal use but also for academic and professional purposes, such as conducting research, collaborating with peers, and creating digital content (Boro et al., 2024).
Information literacy is essential for validating the credibility of sources and the accuracy of content. Information literacy involves understanding how to use databases, search engines, and other digital resources to gather reliable information. It also includes the ability to synthesize information from multiple sources and present it coherently (Gilster, 1997). Bawden (2008) notes that information literacy is a critical component of digital literacy, enabling individuals to effectively navigate the vast amount of information available online. For Gen Z, information literacy is crucial for academic success, as they need to be able to find and evaluate scholarly sources for their research and assignments (Salubi et al., 2018).

3.2. Educational Perspectives on Digital Literacy

Educational systems play a pivotal role in shaping the students. The integration of digital literacy into curricula could ensures that students are equipped with the necessary skills to navigate the digital world more effectively. Various educational strategies can be employed to enhance digital literacy, including explicit instruction, experiential learning, and the integration of digital tools in classroom settings.

Explicit instruction involves teaching digital literacy skills directly. This includes lessons on how to evaluate online sources, recognize misinformation, and use digital tools responsibly. Explicit instruction helps students develop a foundational understanding of digital literacy and its importance. As Jones-Kavalier and Flannigan (2008) suggest, explicit instruction in digital literacy can help students develop critical thinking skills and become more careful consumers of information. This is important for Gen Z, as they may not have developed these skills naturally despite their familiarity with digital technology.

Experiential learning involves engaging students in activities that require the application of digital literacy skills. This can include projects that involve researching online information, creating digital content, and collaborating with peers using digital platforms. Experiential learning provides students with hands-on experience in applying digital literacy skills in real-world contexts (Kolb, 1984). The use of experiential learning in digital literacy education is supported by Bawden (2008), who emphasizes the importance of active learning and engagement in developing digital literacy skills. For Gen Z, experiential learning can be particularly effective, as it aligns with their preference for interactive and engaging learning experiences.

Utilizing digital tools in classroom settings can also enhance digital literacy. This includes using educational software, online databases, and digital collaboration platforms. By incorporating these tools into everyday learning, educators can help students become more proficient in using digital technology and applying digital literacy skills (Bawden, 2008). Ng (2012) suggests that integrating digital tools into the curriculum can help students develop a deeper understanding of digital literacy concepts and their practical applications. The integration of digital tools is especially relevant for Gen Z, as they are accustomed to using technology in their daily lives and may be more engaged in learning when digital tools are incorporated.

Digital literacy is a critical skill set for Gen Z, encompassing the ability to critically engage with digital content, utilize technical skills, and validate information effectively. Educational institutions play a crucial role in developing these skills through explicit instruction, experiential learning, and the integration of digital tools. As the digital landscape continues to evolve, Promoting digital literacy will remain essential for preparing Gen Z to navigate and thrive in an increasingly information-rich world.

4. Challenges of Misinformation

The sources of misinformation are diverse, including social media platforms, online news outlets, and even word-of-mouth. As McDougall et al. (2019) note, the rise of digital technology has democratized information creation and dissemination, allowing anyone with an internet connection to share their views, regardless of their accuracy or expertise. Social media, in particular, has amplified the reach of misinformation due to its rapid spread and the lack of regulatory oversight (Vosoughi, Roy, & Aral, 2018). The algorithms that drive social media platforms often prioritize engagement over accuracy, creating filter bubbles and echo chambers that can exacerbate the spread of misinformation (Cinelli et al., 2020). Fake news, conspiracy theories, and misleading advertisements are common forms of misinformation that circulate widely online (Pennycook & Rand, 2019). One significant challenge is that misinformation often appears in a guise similar to legitimate information, making it difficult for individuals, especially those without adequate digital literacy skills (Salubi et al., 2018), to distinguish between the two. This is compounded by the algorithm-driven nature of social media, which can create echo chambers where users are repeatedly exposed to similar content, reinforcing their preexisting beliefs and reducing exposure to opposing viewpoints (Cinelli et al., 2020). Consequently, misinformation can persist and spread more effectively than factual information, contributing to widespread public confusion and misunderstanding. The lack of gatekeeping in the digital age, as opposed to the traditional media landscape where information was curated by professional journalists, further worsens the challenge of identifying and mitigating misinformation (McDougall et al., 2019).

4.1 Psychological Impact of Misinformation

The psychological impact of misinformation seems to be deep, influencing decision-making processes and possibly manipulating individual beliefs. Exposure to misinformation can lead to the formation of false memories and incorrect beliefs, which can be resistant to correction (Lewandowsky, Ecker, & Cook, 2017). The persistence of misinformation, even after it has been exposed, is a phenomenon known as the „continued influence effect.” This effect underscores the difficulty in reversing the impact of misinformation once it has been internalized by individuals (Ecker, Lewandowsky, & Tang, 2010). This is concerning for Gen Z, who are growing up in an environment saturated with information and may be more susceptible to the influence of misinformation due to their developing cognitive abilities.

Moreover, misinformation can reinforce cognitive biases, such as confirmation bias, where individuals favor information that aligns with their existing beliefs and disregard conflicting evidence. This bias can lead to polarized thinking and reinforce incorrect beliefs, hindering objective decision-making (Nickerson, 1998). Additionally, misinformation can create a sense of uncertainty and mistrust, both in information sources and among individuals, thereby undermining social cohesion and collective action (van der Linden, Roozenbeek, & Compton, 2020). The loss of trust in information sources is problematic in the context of Gen Z, as it can lead to skepticism and disengagement from civic and political processes.

4.2. Detection and Prevention

Effective detection and prevention of misinformation require a complex approach, including technological, educational, and policy-based strategies. Technological solutions involve the development and implementation of algorithms and tools designed to identify and flag false information. For instance, machine learning models can analyze patterns in text and metadata to detect misleading content and prevent its spread (Shu et al., 2020). Social media platforms have also implemented fact-checking systems and warnings to alert users to potential misinformation, though the efficacy of these measures varies (Pennycook & Rand, 2019).

Educational initiatives are crucial for equipping individuals with the skills needed to critically evaluate information. As Boro et al. (2024) highlight, digital literacy education should be a priority, particularly for Gen Z, to equip them with the skills to steer the complex digital scenery and recognise credible information from misinformation. Digital literacy programs that emphasize critical thinking, source evaluation, and media literacy can enable users to recognize and reject misinformation (Mihailidis & Viotty, 2017). These programs should be integrated into educational curricula to reach younger generations, particularly Gen Z, who are heavily engaged with digital platforms.

Policy-based strategies involve regulatory measures to hold information propagators accountable. Governments and regulatory bodies can establish guidelines and penalties for spreading false information, thereby incentivizing platforms and publishers to prioritize accuracy. Collaborative efforts between governments, technology companies, and civil society are essential to create a comprehensive framework for combating misinformation.

In the context of Gen Z, policy-based strategies should consider the unique challenges and vulnerabilities faced by this generation in the digital age. This may include regulations specifically addressing the spread of misinformation on social media platforms that are popular among Gen Z, as well as initiatives to promote media literacy education in schools and communities.

5. Essential Research and Validation Skills for Gen Z

Critical thinking is a fundamental skill for Gen Z (Horváth-Csikós et al, 2022) as it is essential for evaluating the credibility of sources in an era saturated with information. This skill involves the ability to analyze, assess, and reconstruct information to form a reasoned judgment. The importance of critical thinking lies in its capacity to enable individuals to discern between reliable and unreliable information, thus fostering informed decision-making. As Boro et al. (2024) suggest, fostering critical thinking skills in educational settings is crucial for empowering Gen Z to navigate the vast amount of information available online and make informed decisions. In the context of information validation, critical thinking empowers Gen Z to navigate the vast array of digital content they encounter daily. By developing a habit of critical inquiry, individuals can better challenge the influence of misinformation and develop a an understanding of complex issues (McDougall et al., 2019). Educational institutions play a crucial role in fostering these skills, integrating critical thinking into curricula across disciplines to ensure students are well-equipped to handle the demands of the digital age (Salubi et al., 2018).

Fact-checking is a practical approach that Gen Z can employ to verify the authenticity of information. Several techniques are essential for effective fact-checking. Firstly, cross-referencing information with multiple reputable sources can help confirm its validity. This involves checking the same piece of information across various trusted news outlets, academic journals, and official reports (Graves, 2016). As Boro et al. (2024) emphasize, the ability to utilize a variety of sources is crucial for effective information validation in the digital age. Secondly, examining the credentials and expertise of the information’s author is crucial. Authors with recognized qualifications and a history of credible publications are generally more reliable (Wineburg & McGrew, 2017). Hu et al. (2022) suggest that understanding the motivations and potential biases of content creators is also important in evaluating the credibility of information. Another important technique is evaluating the date of publication to ensure the information is current and relevant. Outdated information can often be misleading, particularly in fast-evolving fields such as technology and science. In addition, understanding the context in which the information is presented can provide insights into its accuracy. This involves looking at the larger narrative, identifying potential biases, and considering the purpose behind the spreading of the information McDougall et al. (2019) highlight the importance of contextualizing information, as the same piece of information can be interpreted differently depending on the source and the intended audience.

Digital tools and resources, such as fact-checking websites (e.g., Snopes, FactCheck.org), can also be employed to verify claims. These platforms specialize in investigating and exposing false information, providing a reliable means for Gen Z to validate the content they encounter (Lewandowsky et al., 2017). However, as Salubi et al. (2018) note, Gen Z individuals may not always be aware of or utilize these resources, highlighting the need for educational interventions to promote their use.

5.1. Use of Technology

Technology plays a pivotal role in aiding information validation for Gen Z. Various tools and platforms are available to assist in this process. For instance, browser extensions like „NewsGuard” provide credibility ratings for websites, helping users to quickly assess the reliability of the sources they visit (Pennycook & Rand, 2019). Social media platforms are also increasingly implementing features to flag and reduce the spread of misinformation, such as Twitter’s „Birdwatch” and Facebook’s third-party fact-checking partnerships. However, as Boro et al. (2024) point out, the mere availability of technological tools is not sufficient; Gen Z individuals need to be equipped with the skills and knowledge to utilize these tools effectively for information validation. Moreover, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms are being developed to detect patterns indicative of false information. These technologies can analyze large volumes of data to identify and flag potentially misleading content, thus supporting users in their efforts to verify information (Shu et al., 2020). While AI-powered tools can be helpful, it is important to note that they are not foolproof and should be used in conjunction with human judgment and critical thinking skills. Educational platforms, such as MOOCs and online courses, offer modules on digital literacy and information validation (Hajeer & Toptsi, 2022), providing Gen Z with the knowledge and skills necessary to navigate the digital landscape critically (Mihailidis & Viotty, 2017).

By developing these competencies, Gen Z can become more observing consumers of information, better trained to make informed decisions in both their personal and professional lives. The development of these skills is not only an individual duty but also a cooperative effort, requiring teamwork between educational institutions, technology companies, and policymakers to create an environment that promotes digital literacy.

6. Impact on Personal and Professional Development

The ability to validate information critically is pivotal to academic success, particularly for Gen Z, who are frequently engaged with digital content for their studies. This is relevant given the findings of Boro et al. (2024), who highlight the reliance of Gen Z students on internet resources for academic purposes. Validated information ensures that students base their learning and research on accurate and reliable sources, which is fundamental for producing high-quality academic work. Critical information validation helps in developing strong research papers, projects, and presentations, as students can differentiate between credible sources and misleading information (Wineburg & McGrew, 2017). This competency is essential for achieving good grades and for developing a deeper understanding of subject matter, which is necessary for long-term academic growth (Facione, 2015). As Salubi et al. (2018) note, the ability to effectively utilize library resources and critically evaluate information is directly linked to academic performance among Gen Z students. Integrating information validation skills into academic curricula may be able to enhance students’ research capabilities. Educational institutions that emphasize critical thinking and information literacy produce graduates who are better equipped to navigate digital information (Mihailidis & Viotty, 2017). This focus on validated information contributes to a more rigorous academic environment, where students learn to appreciate the value of evidence-based knowledge and become skilled at conducting reliable research (Ennis, 2011).

In the professional sphere, employees’ soft skills play a pivotal role (Hajeer et al., 2023). Among these, the ability to validate information is particularly crucial. It is plausible to assume that most employers value employees who can assess the credibility of information, make informed decisions, and contribute to strategic planning and problem-solving. For Gen Z, who are entering a workforce that is increasingly dependent on digital tools and information, these skills are vital (Benítez-Márquez et al., 2022). The capacity to critically evaluate information ensures that employees can avoid costly mistakes based on misinformation, thus contributing to the overall efficiency and success of the organization (Graves, 2016). According to Shu et al. (2020), employees who can validate and utilize information are better prepared to tackle challenges, innovate, and drive organizational growth which individual career prospects and adds significant value to the companies they work for.
Beyond personal and professional benefits, the ability to validate information contributes to social responsibility as individuals equipped with strong information validation skills may be better positioned to contribute positively to society. Informed citizens are critical for the functioning of the society, as they can engage in meaningful discussions, make informed voting decisions, and participate in civic activities with a clear understanding of facts and evidence (Lewandowsky et al., 2017). Similarly,

Hu et al. (2022) suggest, equipping Gen Z with information validation skills can empower them to participate in civic discourse and contribute to positive social change. Gen Z, by refining their information validation skills, they can ensure that their arguments are based on accurate and credible information, thereby improving the legitimacy of their efforts (Mihailidis & Viotty, 2017). The ability to validate information is not only a personal skill but also a social responsibility for Gen Z, as their actions and decisions based on information can have extensive consequences for society as a whole. By nurturing the ability to validate information, educational institutions and employers can ensure that the next generation is well-prepared to thrive in the digital age and contribute positively to society (Boro et al., 2024).

7. Conclusions

This literature review emphasizes the crucial role of information validation as a soft skill for Generation Z in today’s digital world. The shift in information consumption, driven by digital technologies and social media, has created a complex and often unreliable landscape. Gen Z, constantly flooded with information from various sources, faces significant challenges in recognizing credible information. However, developing skills in information validation, including critical thinking, fact-checking, and using technology effectively, can equip Gen Z to better handle this challenge.

The reviewed literature shows that the impact of enhancing information validation skills in Gen Z is profound. Academically, these skills are vital for conducting thorough research, producing quality work, and achieving sustained academic success. Professionally, information validation is a highly valued skill that can improve career prospects and contribute to organizational effectiveness. Furthermore, as informed citizens, Gen Z individuals with strong information validation skills can engage in civic discussions, make well-informed decisions, and contribute to a more knowledgeable society.

There are still areas needing further investigation. Future research could explore the specific challenges Gen Z faces in validating information, such as the impact of algorithms and the spread of „fake news” on social media (Hu et al., 2022). Additionally, more studies are needed to identify the most effective educational methods for teaching information validation skills to Gen Z, considering their unique learning styles and preferences. Addressing these research gaps may enable us to gain a deeper understanding of information validation as a critical soft skill for Gen Z and develop strategies to empower them in the digital age.

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Dr. Ahmad Hajeer Senior Lecturer
Budapest Business University